A green colored metal index card file from Acrimet that serves as a small zettelkasten

Reframing and simplifying the idea of how to keep a Zettelkasten

Given many of the misconceptions I see online of how to keep a zettelkasten, particularly given the focus on the arcane addressing system used by Niklas Luhmann, perhaps it may be helpful to dramatically reframe the question of how to keep a zettelkasten? One page blog posts from people who’ve only recently seen the idea and are synopsizing it without a year or more practice themselves are highly confusing at best. Can I write something we don’t see enough of in spaces relating to zettelkasten? Perhaps we should briefly consider the intellectual predecessor of the slip box?

(Editor’s note: I’m using content within my own “slip box” to write this.)

Start out by forgetting zettelkasten exist. Instead read about what a commonplace book is and how that (simpler) form of note taking works. This short article outlined as a class assignment is a fascinating way to start and has some illustrative examples: https://www.academia.edu/35101285/Creating_a_Commonplace_Book_CPB_. If you’re a writer, researcher, or journalist, perhaps Steven Johnson’s perspective may be interesting to you instead: https://stevenberlinjohnson.com/the-glass-box-and-the-commonplace-book-639b16c4f3bb

The general idea is to collect interesting passages, quotes, and ideas as you read. Keep them in a notebook and call it your commonplace book. If you like call these your “fleeting notes” as some do.

As you do this, start building an index of subject headings for your ideas, perhaps using John Locke’s method (see this for some history and a synopsis: https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/john-lockes-method-for-common-place-books-1685).

Once you’ve got this, you’ve really mastered the majority of what a zettelkasten is and have a powerful tool at your disposal. If you feel it’s useful to you, you can add a few more tools and variations to your set up.

Next instead of keeping the ideas in a notebook, put them on index cards so that they’re easier to sort through, move around, and re-arrange. This particularly useful if you want to use them to create an outline of your ideas for writing something with them. Once you’ve got index cards (slips) with ideas on them in a box, you now literally meet the minimum requirements of a zettelkasten (German for “slip box”, though in practice many will have their ideas in a metaphorical slip box using a digital note taking tool.

Next, maybe keep some index cards that have the references and bibliographies from which your excerpting and note taking comes from. Link these bibliographical cards to the cards with your content.

As you go through your notes, ideas, and excerpts, maybe you want to further refine them? Write them out in your own words. Improve their clarity, so that when you go to re-use them, you can simply “excerpt” material you’ve already written for yourself and you’re not plagiarizing others. You can call these improved notes, as some do either “permanent notes” or “evergreen notes”.

Perhaps you’re looking for more creativity, serendipity, and organic surprise in your system? Next you can link individual notes together. In a paper system you can do this by following one note with another or writing addresses on each card and using that addressing system to link them, but in a digital environment you can link one note to many multiple others that are related. If you’re not sure where to start here, look back to your subject headings and pull out cards related to broad categories. Some things will obviously fit more closely than others, so be more selective and only link ideas that are more intimately connected than just the subject heading you’ve used.

Now when you want to write or create something new on a particular topic, ask your slip box a question and attempt to answer it by consulting your index. Find cards related to the topic, pull out those and place them in a useful order to create an outline perhaps using the cross links that already exist. (You’ve done that linking work as you went, so why not use it to make things easier now?) Copy the contents into a document and begin editing.

Beyond the first few steps, you’re really just creating additional complexity to a system to increase the combinatorial complexity of juxtaposed ideas that you could potentially pull back out of your system for writing more interesting text and generating new ideas. Some people may neither want nor need this sort of complexity in their working lives. If you don’t need it, then just keep a simple commonplace book (or commonplace card file) to remind you of the interesting ideas and inspirations you’ve seen and could potentially reuse throughout your life.

The benefit of this method is that beyond creating your index, you’ll always have something useful even if you abandon things later on and quit refining it. If you do go all the way, concentrate on writing out just two short solid ideas every day (Luhmann averaged about 6 per day and Roland Barthes averaged 1 and change). Do it until you have between 500 and 1000 cards (based on some surveys and anecdotal evidence), and you should begin seeing some serendipitous and intriguing results as you use your system for your writing.

We should acknowledge that that (visual) artists and musicians might also keep commonplaces and zettelkasten. As an example, Eminem keeps a zettelkasten, though he calls his “stacking ammo”, but it is so minimal that it is literally just a box and slips of paper with no apparent organization beyond this. If this fits your style and you don’t get any value out of having cards with locators like 3a4b/65m1, then don’t do that (for you) useless make-work. Make sure your system is working for you and you’re not working for your system.

Sadly, it’s generally difficult to find a single blog post that can accurately define what a zettelkasten is, how it’s structured, how it works, and why one would want one much less what one should expect from it. Sönke Ahrens does a reasonably good job, but his explanation is an entire book. Hopefully this distillation will get you moving in a positive direction for having a useful daily practice, but without an excessive amount of work and perhaps a bit less cognitive dissonance. Once you’ve been at it a while, then start looking at Ahrens and others to refine things for your personal preferences and creative needs.

Published by

Chris Aldrich

I'm a biomedical and electrical engineer with interests in information theory, complexity, evolution, genetics, signal processing, IndieWeb, theoretical mathematics, and big history. I'm also a talent manager-producer-publisher in the entertainment industry with expertise in representation, distribution, finance, production, content delivery, and new media.

26 thoughts on “Reframing and simplifying the idea of how to keep a Zettelkasten”

  2. @chrisaldrich I’d be interested in your experience and your opinion:Do you have, maintain, and extract value from a “thing”?Have you previously written about your experience?I have some thoughts, but I’d be interested in hearing you experience.(I have a “thing that is not a Zettelkasten”, and it’s evolving).

    Reply

  5. I really enjoyed this article, thank you for sharing it. Sometimes it’s easy to get lost in the intricate setups and in perfecting notes. It really is so individual and I think you are right about starting and refining the system as you go, to match your own needs. E.g. I enjoy a good tagging system, but I also really like keeping direct quotes (as they are, not in my own words; and reading a bit about zettelkasten would have be thinking that’s an outrageous statement).

    Reply

  12. “500 and 1000 cards” is a long way before perceiving some benefit. Maybe this is necessary because “mine is more textual and less visual than his [Michalsky’s]”. For me, benefit is visible after approx. 40 new notes, dropped on the canvas of my tool, rearranged and connected.

    Reply

    1. Thanks for this additional piece of Data Matthias! I have a feeling that some of the benefit will also come down to the level of quality of the notes and how well interlinked they may be. Those doing massive dumps of raw, unelaborated, and unlinked data using services like Readwise into their collections will certainly take longer than those who have more refined ideas well linked. My number is presuming something closer to the former while something along the lines of a tenth of that (an order of magnitude) would seem to fall in line with my current working model. It would be nice to have a larger body of data to work with though.

      Reply

  13. In yesterday’s post on Chris Aldrich’s overview of zettelkasten techniques, I asked about seeing the zettelkasten itself. He replied saying most of the content was in his Hypothesis account, and sent me a pointer to an entry. I read through a bunch of pages on zettelkasten stuff yesterday, and I am thinking of starting an open zettlekasten. With a nod to the Working Out Loud crowd, I am going to outline my initial plans in this post.

    The item that Chris showed me was a picture and short caption describing what the picture meant. From this, I could see that an item/card in a zettelkasten could be just a reference to something with a short description. A type of information that I collect on a regular basis is links to posts/articles/things that I read in my feed reader. I have wanted to organize/classify all of these links, but have struggled to get started. I looked at Tom Critchlow’s wiki on his site, and saw a number of references to links where the link and an excerpt or summary was provided. I also saw an article on ZettelKasten.de about filtering flow from RSS feeds into a zettelkasten. From another ZettelKasten.de post, quotes and excerpts from sources are part of the chain of increasing value of knowledge within a zettlekasten system. Finally, Chris Aldrich, in an earlier post, gave his own advice for starting a commonplace book – “The general idea is to collect interesting passages, quotes, and ideas as you read”.

    Based on this survey, I am going to experiment with collecting and organizing links within an OPML document and in Markdown files. Both of these methods of capture should be able to produce an organized output (OPML using XSLT style sheets, Markdown files using Hugo to render them (hopefully like Tom Critchlow’s wiki, even though he used Jekyll). For my five regular readers – let me know what you think!

    PS – I noticed that yesterday I misspelled “zettelkasten” – sorry!

    Reply

  15. I have a bit of a soft spot for Niklas Luhmann ever since David Seidl introduced me to his ideas. I think it was at an EGOS conference in the early 2000s.

    So when I read about Luhmann’s approach to note taking, the Zettelkasten, I thought I’d give it a go. Now, whilst I love paper-based systems I thought I’d do some kind to computer-based system. Since I keep my to-do list using Org mode, I cobbled together some elisp to glue it together with Deft mode and Org-capture to get a working system.

    When I say ‘working’, I used it successfully to complete the six-course Google Project Management: Professional Certificate. At that point my Zettelkasten had about 176 cross-linked entries.

    Now, I’ve just finished reading Chris Aldrich’s essay Reframing and simplifying the idea of how to keep a Zettelkasten where he suggests using a commonplace book as a step towards having a Zettelkasten. Indeed, the way he writes it sounds like a big step. And, I pretty much agree with all he says.

    But, I’m left wondering if I need a separate Zettelkasten, or should I integrate it to this, my work-in-progress of a commonplace book.

    Reply

    1. Unless you’ve got a pressing need for the extra structure, and especially if you’re regularly consulting your commonplace, then I’d usually suggest sticking with that workflow.

      Reply

  19. In reply to https://boffosocko.com/2022/06/10/reframing-and-simplifying-the-idea-of-how-to-keep-a-zettelkasten/
    https://petersmith.org/webmentions/replies/2023/reply-202320230217-134119/
    17 Feb ’23 13:41


    Peter
    Smith
    IndiewebZettelkasten

    Thanks for the recommendation Chris. I’ve been pondering it for a while now; basically putting off doing anything. Then I came across this post on how many zettlekasten. I think you and the post have pushed me over the edge, and I’ll start the process of ‘collapsing’ my separate Zettelkasten into my commonplace book.

    Reply

  21. Zettlekaste.de: Building a Second Brain and the Zettelkasten Method – This post goes into great detail contrasting the “Building a Second Brain” ideas of Tiago Forte and the Zettelkasten Method as practiced by Niklas Luhmann. The author states that both methods can be used simultaneously with little to no overlap (BASB is project focused, ZKM is knowledge-focused). It’s worth the time to read!

    Reply

Mentions

Bookmarks

Likes

Reposts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

To respond to a post on this site using your own website, create your post making sure to include the (target) URL/permalink for my post in your response. Then enter the URL/permalink of your response in the (source) box and click the 'Ping me' button. Your response will appear (possibly after moderation) on my page. Want to update or remove your response? Update or delete your post and re-enter your post's URL again. (Learn More)